RABINDRANATH THAKUR । রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর

রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর 

জন্ম :      মে ৭, ১৮৬১     জোড়াসাঁকো

                ঠাকুরবাড়ি,কলকাতা

মৃত্যু :           আগস্ট৭,১৯৪১ (৮০বছর)
                   জোড়াসাঁকো, ঠাকুরবাড়ি,
                             কলকাতা, 

সমাধিস্থল:    কলকাতা

ছদ্মনাম:        ভানুসিংহ ঠাকুর (ভণিতা)

কৃতিত্ব:          কবি ,ঔপন্যাসিক, নাট্যকার ,
                     প্রাবন্ধিক, দার্শনিক 
                     সংগীতজ্ঞ,চিত্রশিল্পী গল্পকার

ভাষা :            বাংলা, ইংরেজি

জাতি:            বাঙালি

পুরস্কার:         সাহিত্যে নোবেল পুরস্কার
                        (১৯১৩) গীতাঞ্জলী

দাম্পত্যসঙ্গী:        মৃণালিনী দেবী
                           (বি. ১৮৭৩–১৯০২)
                  
আত্মীয়:                ঠাকুর পরিবার

                                     কর্মজীবন

★কাব্যকৃত্বি :কবিকাহিনী, বনফুল ,ভগ্নহৃদয় ,সোনারতরী, চিত্রা , চৈতালি ,কল্পনা,ক্ষণিকা ,নৈবেদ্য ,খেয়া ,তিমাল্য ,গীতালি ,বলাকা ,পলাতকা ,পূরবী ,মহুয়া ,পুনশ্চ , শেষ,সপ্তক, পত্রপুট ,শ্যামলী ,রোগশয্যায় ,আরোগ্য ,জন্মদিনে ,শেষ লেখা ,তোমার সৃষ্টির পথ, বৈষ্ণব পদাবলি,উপনিষদ্‌, কবীরের দোঁহাবলি,গীতাঞ্জলি (সাহিত্যে নোবেল) 

★ছোটগল্প :    কঙ্কাল,নিশীথে,মণিহারা,নষ্টনীড়,কাবুলিওয়ালা,হৈমন্তী,দেনাপাওনা, মুসলমানীর গল্প,লিপিকা,তিন কন্যা,মনিহারা,পোস্টমাস্টার,সমাপ্তি,চারুলতা,অতিথি, কাবুলিওয়ালা ,ক্ষুধিত পাষাণ, স্ত্রী পত্র ইত্যাদি

★উপ্যনাস :    রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর মোট তেরোটি উপন্যাস রচনা করেছিলেন। এগুলি হল: বৌ-ঠাকুরাণীর হাট(১৮৮৩), রাজর্ষি (১৮৮৭), চোখের বালি (১৯০৩),নৌকাডুবি (১৯০৬), প্রজাপতির নির্বন্ধ (১৯০৮), গোরা(১৯১০), ঘরে বাইরে (১৯১৬), চতুরঙ্গ (১৯১৬),যোগাযোগ (১৯২৯), শেষের কবিতা (১৯২৯), দুই বোন(১৯৩৩), মালঞ্চ (১৯৩৪) ও চার অধ্যায় (১৯৩৪)

★প্রবন্ধ ও পত্রসাহিত্য :  রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর বাংলা ও ইংরেজি ভাষায় অসংখ্য প্রবন্ধ রচনা করেছিলেন।  এইসব প্রবন্ধে তিনি সমাজ, রাষ্ট্রনীতি, ধর্ম, সাহিত্যতত্ত্ব, ইতিহাস, ভাষাতত্ত্ব, ছন্দ, সংগীত ইত্যাদি নানা বিষয়ে নিজস্ব মতামত প্রকাশ করেন। রবীন্দ্রনাথের সমাজচিন্তামূলক প্রবন্ধগুলি সমাজ (১৯০৮) সংকলনে সংকলিত হয়েছে। রবীন্দ্রনাথের বিভিন্ন সময়ে লেখা রাজনীতি-সংক্রান্ত প্রবন্ধগুলি সংকলিত হয়েছেকালান্তর (১৯৩৭) সংকলনে। রবীন্দ্রনাথের ধর্মভাবনা ও আধ্যাত্মিক অভিভাষণগুলি সংকলিত হয়েছে ধর্ম (১৯০৯) ও শান্তিনিকেতন (১৯০৯-১৬) অভিভাষণমালায়। রবীন্দ্রনাথের ইতিহাস-সংক্রান্ত প্রবন্ধগুলি স্থান পেয়েছে ভারতবর্ষ (১৯০৬), ইতিহাস(১৯৫৫) ইত্যাদি গ্রন্থে। সাহিত্য (১৯০৭), সাহিত্যের পথে (১৯৩৬) ও সাহিত্যের স্বরূপ (১৯৪৩) গ্রন্থে রবীন্দ্রনাথ সাহিত্যতত্ত্ব আলোচনা করেছেন।রবীন্দ্রনাথ ধ্রুপদি ভারতীয় সাহিত্য ও আধুনিক সাহিত্যের সমালোচনা করেছেন যথাক্রমে প্রাচীন সাহিত্য (১৯০৭) ও আধুনিক সাহিত্য (১৯০৭) গ্রন্থদুটিতে। লোকসাহিত্য (১৯০৭) প্রবন্ধমালায় তিনি আলোচনা করেছেন বাংলা লোকসাহিত্যের প্রকৃতি। ভাষাতত্ত্ব নিয়ে রবীন্দ্রনাথের চিন্তাভাবনা লিপিবদ্ধ রয়েছে শব্দতত্ত্ব (১৯০৯), বাংলা ভাষা পরিচয় (১৯৩৮) ইত্যাদি গ্রন্থে। ছন্দ ও সংগীত নিয়ে তিনি আলোচনা করেছেন যথাক্রমে ছন্দ(১৯৩৬) ও সংগীতচিন্তা (১৯৬৬) গ্রন্থে।বিশ্বভারতীর প্রতিষ্ঠাতা রবীন্দ্রনাথ তাঁর শিক্ষা-সংক্রান্ত ভাবনাচিন্তার কথা প্রকাশ করেছেন শিক্ষা (১৯০৮) প্রবন্ধমালায়। ন্যাশনালিজম (ইংরেজি:Nationalism, ১৯১৭) গ্রন্থে রবীন্দ্রনাথ উগ্র জাতীয়তাবাদের বিশ্লেষণ করে তার বিরোধিতা করেছেন। অক্সফোর্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে তিনি দর্শন বিষয়ে যে বিখ্যাত বক্তৃতাগুলি দিয়েছিলেন সেগুলিরিলিজিয়ন অফ ম্যান (ইংরেজি: Religion of Man, ১৯৩০; বাংলা অনুবাদ মানুষের ধর্ম, ১৯৩৩) নামে সংকলিত হয়। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধের প্রেক্ষাপটে লেখা জন্মদিনের অভিভাষণ সভ্যতার সংকট (১৯৪১) তাঁর সর্বশেষ প্রবন্ধগ্রন্থ। জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ে রবীন্দ্রনাথ বিশ্বপরিচয় (১৯৩৭) নামে একটি তথ্যমূলক প্রবন্ধগ্রন্থ রচনা করেছিলেন। জীবনস্মৃতি (১৯১২),ছেলেবেলা (১৯৪০) ও আত্মপরিচয় (১৯৪৩) তাঁর আত্মকথামূলক গ্রন্থ।

রবীন্দ্রনাথের সামগ্রিক পত্রসাহিত্য আজ পর্যন্ত উনিশটি খণ্ডে প্রকাশিত হয়েছে। এছাড়া ছিন্নপত্রও ছিন্নপত্রাবলী (ভ্রাতুষ্পুত্রী ইন্দিরা দেবী চৌধুরাণীকে লেখা), ভানুসিংহের পত্রাবলী (রানু অধিকারীকে (মুখোপাধ্যায়) লেখা) ও পথে ও পথের প্রান্তে(নির্মলকুমারী মহলানবিশকে লেখা) বই তিনটি রবীন্দ্রনাথের তিনটি উল্লেখযোগ্য পত্রসংকলন।

★নাট্যসাহিত্য:  বাল্মীকি-প্রতিভা(১৮৮১),রাজা ও রাণী (১৮৮৯),বিসর্জন(১৮৯০), চিত্রাঙ্গদা (১৮৯২) ওমালিনী (১৮৯৬),গোড়ায় গলদ (১৮৯২), বৈকুণ্ঠের খাতা (১৮৯৭),হাস্যকৌতুক (১৯০৭) ও ব্যঙ্গকৌতুক (১৯০৭),শারদোৎসব (১৯০৮), রাজা (১৯১০), ডাকঘর(১৯১২), অচলায়তন (১৯১২), ফাল্গুনী (১৯১৬),মুক্তধারা (১৯২২), রক্তকরবী (১৯২৬), তাসের দেশ(১৯৩৩), কালের যাত্রা (১৯৩২),অচলায়তন(১৯১৪),ঋণশোধ (১৯২১), রাজা হয়অরূপরতন (১৯২০), অচলায়তন হয় গুরু (১৯১৮),গোড়ায় গলদ হয় শেষরক্ষা (১৯২৮), রাজা ও রাণী হয়তপতী (১৯২৯),প্রায়শ্চিত্ত হয় পরিত্রাণ(১৯২৯),নটীর পূজা(১৯২৬) ,শাপমোচন(১৯৩১), তাসের দেশ (১৯৩৩), নৃত্যনাট্য চিত্রাঙ্গদা(১৯৩৬), নৃত্যনাট্য চণ্ডালিকা (১৯৩৮) ও শ্যামা(১৯৩৯)।

★সংগীত :  রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর ১৯১৫টি গান রচনা করেছিলেন।

★চিত্রকলা: রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর নিয়মিত ছবি আঁকা শুরু করেন প্রায় সত্তর বছর বয়সে। চিত্রাঙ্কনে কোনো প্রথাগত শিক্ষা তাঁর ছিল না। প্রথমদিকে তিনি লেখার হিজিবিজি কাটাকুটিগুলিকে একটি চেহারা দেওয়ার চেষ্টা করতেন। এই প্রচেষ্টা থেকেই তাঁর ছবি আঁকার সূত্রপাত ঘটে। ১৯২৮ থেকে ১৯৩৯ কালপরিধিতে অঙ্কিত তাঁর স্কেচ ও ছবির সংখ্যা আড়াই হাজারের ওপর, যার ১৫৭৪টি শান্তিনিকেতনের রবীন্দ্রভবনে সংরক্ষিত আছে।

★রাজনৈতিক দৃষ্টি ও শিক্ষাচিন্তা :  রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের রাজনৈতিক দর্শন অত্যন্ত জটিল। তিনি সাম্রাজ্যবাদের বিরোধিতা ও ভারতীয় জাতীয়তাবাদীদের সমর্থন করতেন।১৮৯০ সালে প্রকাশিত মানসী কাব্যগ্রন্থের কয়েকটি কবিতায় রবীন্দ্রনাথের প্রথম জীবনের রাজনৈতিক ও সামাজিক চিন্তাভাবনার পরিচয় পাওয়া যায়।হিন্দু-জার্মান ষড়যন্ত্র মামলার তথ্যপ্রমাণ এবং পরবর্তীকালে প্রকাশিত তথ্য থেকে জানা যায়, রবীন্দ্রনাথ গদর ষড়যন্ত্রের কথা শুধু জানতেনই না, বরং উক্ত ষড়যন্ত্রে জাপানি প্রধানমন্ত্রী তেরাউচি মাসাতাকি ও প্রাক্তন প্রিমিয়ার ওকুমা শিগেনোবুর সাহায্যও প্রার্থনা করেছিলেন। আবার ১৯২৫ সালে প্রকাশিত একটি প্রবন্ধে স্বদেশী আন্দোলনকে"চরকা-সংস্কৃতি" বলে বিদ্রুপ করে রবীন্দ্রনাথ কঠোর ভাষায় তার বিরোধিতা করেন। ব্রিটিশ সাম্রাজ্যবাদ তাঁর চোখে ছিল "আমাদের সামাজিক সমস্যাগুলির রাজনৈতিক উপসর্গ"। তাই বিকল্প ব্যবস্থা হিসেবে বৃহত্তর জনসাধারণের স্বনির্ভরতা ও বৌদ্ধিক উন্নতির উপর অধিক গুরুত্ব আরোপ করেন তিনি। ভারতবাসীকে অন্ধ বিপ্লবের পন্থা ত্যাগ করে দৃঢ় ও প্রগতিশীল শিক্ষার পন্থাটিকে গ্রহণ করার আহ্বান জানান।

রবীন্দ্রনাথের এই ধরনের মতাদর্শ অনেককেই বিক্ষুব্ধ করে তোলে। ১৯১৬ সালের শেষ দিকে সানফ্রান্সিসকোয় একটি হোটেলে অবস্থানকালে একদল চরমপন্থী বিপ্লবী রবীন্দ্রনাথকে হত্যার ষড়যন্ত্র করেছিল। কিন্তু নিজেদের মধ্যে মতবিরোধ উপস্থিত হওয়ায় তাঁদের পরিকল্পনা ব্যর্থ হয়েছিল।ভারতের স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনে রবীন্দ্রনাথের গান ও কবিতার ভূমিকা অনস্বীকার্য। ১৯১৯ সালেজালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডের প্রতিবাদে তিনি নাইটহুড বর্জন করেন। নাইটহুড প্রত্যাখ্যান-পত্রে লর্ড চেমসফোর্ডকে রবীন্দ্রনাথ লিখেছিলেন, "আমার এই প্রতিবাদ আমার আতঙ্কিত দেশবাসীর মৌনযন্ত্রণার অভিব্যক্তি।" রবীন্দ্রনাথের "চিত্ত যেথা ভয়শূন্য" ও "একলা চলো রে" রাজনৈতিক রচনা হিসেবে ব্যাপক জনপ্রিয়তা লাভ করে। "একলা চলো রে" গানটি গান্ধীজির বিশেষ প্রিয় ছিল। যদিও মহাত্মা গান্ধীর সঙ্গে রবীন্দ্রনাথের সম্পর্ক ছিল অম্লমধুর। হিন্দু নিম্নবর্ণীয় জন্য পৃথক নির্বাচন ব্যবস্থাকে কেন্দ্র করে গান্ধীজি ও আম্বেডকরের যে মতবিরোধের সূত্রপাত হয়, তা নিরসনেও রবীন্দ্রনাথ বিশেষ ভূমিকা গ্রহণ করেছিলেন। ফলে গান্ধীজিও তাঁর অনশন কর্মসূচি প্রত্যাহার করে নিয়েছিলেন।

রবীন্দ্রনাথ তাঁর "তোতা-কাহিনী" গল্পে বিদ্যালয়ের মুখস্ত-সর্বস্ব শিক্ষাকে প্রতি তীব্রভাবে আক্রমণ করেন। এই গল্পে রবীন্দ্রনাথ দেখিয়েছিলেন, দেশের ছাত্রসমাজকে খাঁচাবদ্ধ পাখিটির মতো শুকনো বিদ্যা গিলিয়ে কিভাবে তাদের বৌদ্ধিক মৃত্যুর পথে ঠেলে দেওয়া হচ্ছে। ১৯১৭ সালের ১১ অক্টোবর ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার সান্টা বারবারা ভ্রমণের সময় রবীন্দ্রনাথ শিক্ষা সম্পর্কে প্রথাবিরুদ্ধ চিন্তাভাবনা শুরু করেন। শান্তিনিকেতন আশ্রমকে দেশ ও ভূগোলের গণ্ডীর বাইরে বের করে ভারত ও বিশ্বকে একসূত্রে বেঁধে একটি বিশ্ব শিক্ষাকেন্দ্র স্থাপনের পরিকল্পনাও এই সময়েই গ্রহণ করেছিলেন কবি। ১৯১৮ সালের ২২ অক্টোবর বিশ্বভারতী নামাঙ্কিত তাঁর এই বিদ্যালয়ের শিলান্যাস করা হয়েছিল। এরপর ১৯২২ সালের ২২ ডিসেম্বর উদ্বোধন হয়েছিল এই বিদ্যালয়ের। বিশ্বভারতীতে কবি সনাতন ভারতীয় শিক্ষাব্যবস্থার ব্রহ্মচর্য ও গুরুপ্রথার পুনর্প্রবর্তন করেছিলেন। এই বিদ্যালয়ের জন্য অর্থসংগ্রহ করতে কঠোর পরিশ্রম করেছিলেন তিনি। নোবেল পুরস্কারের অর্থমূল্য হিসেবে প্রাপ্ত সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ তিনি ঢেলে দিয়েছিলেন এই বিদ্যালয়ের পরিচালন খাতে।নিজেও শান্তিনিকেতনের অধ্যক্ষ ও শিক্ষক হিসেবেও অত্যন্ত ব্যস্ত থাকতেন তিনি। সকালে ছাত্রদের ক্লাস নিতেন এবং বিকেল ও সন্ধ্যায় তাদের জন্য পাঠ্যপুস্তক রচনা করতেন। ১৯১৯ সাল থেকে ১৯২১ সালের মধ্যে বিদ্যালয়ের জন্য অর্থ সংগ্রহ করতে তিনি একাধিকবার ইউরোপ ও আমেরিকা ভ্রমণ করেন।

উপসংহার:  রবীন্দ্রনাথ ছিলেন একজন মহাপুরুষ। তিনি যেখানে যেখানে হাত দিয়েছেন সেখানেই সোনা ফলেছে তার এই অসামান্য অবদান এর জন্য সারা বিশ্বের কাছে ভারতবাসী গর্বিত।

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                                ENGLISH

★Born:     7 May 1861

Calcutta, British India 

★Died :     7 August 1941 (aged 80)

Calcutta,

★Occupation:WriterPainter

★Language:Bengali, English

★Literary movement: Contextual Modernism

★Notable works:Gitanjali, Gora, Ghare-Baire,Jana Gana Mana, Rabindra Sangeet, Amar Shonar Bangla(other works)

★Notable awards:Nobel Prize in Literature 

1913 

★Spouse:Mrinalini Devi (m. 1883–1902)

★Children :5 (two of whom died in childhood)

★Relatives:Tagore family

★Works:

Known mostly for his poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. Of Tagore's prose, his short stories are perhaps most highly regarded; he is indeed credited with originating the Bengali-language version of the genre. His works are frequently noted for their rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Such stories mostly borrow from deceptively simple subject matter: commoners. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, linguistics, and spirituality. He wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, and lectures were compiled into several volumes, includingEurope Jatrir Patro (Letters from Europe) andManusher Dhormo (The Religion of Man). His brief chat with Einstein, "Note on the Nature of Reality", is included as an appendix to the latter. On the occasion of Tagore's 150th birthday an anthology (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) of the total body of his works is currently being published in Bengali in chronological order. This includes all versions of each work and fills about eighty volumes. In 2011, Harvard University Presscollaborated with Visva-Bharati University to publish The Essential Tagore, the largest anthology of Tagore's works available in English; it was edited by Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy and marks the 150th anniversary of Tagore's birth.

★Music

Tagore was a prolific composer, with 2,230 songs to his credit. His songs are known asrabindrasangit ("Tagore Song"), which merges fluidly into his literature, most of which—poems or parts of novels, stories, or plays alike—were lyricised. Influenced by the thumristyle of Hindustani music, they ran the entire gamut of human emotion, ranging from his early dirge-like Brahmo devotional hymns to quasi-erotic compositions. They emulated the tonal colour of classical ragas to varying extents. Some songs mimicked a given raga's melody and rhythm faithfully; others newly blended elements of different ragas. Yet about nine-tenths of his work was not bhanga gaan, the body of tunes revamped with "fresh value" from select Western, Hindustani, Bengali folk and other regional flavours "external" to Tagore's own ancestral culture. Scholars have attempted to gauge the emotive force and range of Hindustani ragas:

the pathos of the purabi ragareminded Tagore of the evening tears of a lonely widow, while kanara was the confused realization of a nocturnal wanderer who had lost his way. In bhupali he seemed to hear a voice in the wind saying 'stop and come hither'.Paraj conveyed to him the deep slumber that overtook one at night's end.

— Reba Som, Rabindranath 

Tagore influenced sitar maestro Vilayat Khanand sarodiyas Buddhadev Dasgupta andAmjad Ali Khan. His songs are widely popular and undergird the Bengali ethos to an extent perhaps rivalling Shakespeare's impact on the English-speaking world.It is said that his songs are the outcome of five centuries of Bengali literary churning and communal yearning.Dhan Gopal Mukerji has said that these songs transcend the mundane to the aesthetic and express all ranges and categories of human emotion. The poet gave voice to all—big or small, rich or poor. The poor Ganges boatman and the rich landlord air their emotions in them. They birthed a distinctive school of music whose practitioners can be fiercely traditional: novel interpretations have drawn severe censure in both West Bengal and Bangladesh.

For Bengalis, the songs' appeal, stemming from the combination of emotive strength and beauty described as surpassing even Tagore's poetry, was such that the Modern Reviewobserved that "[t]here is in Bengal no cultured home where Rabindranath's songs are not sung or at least attempted to be sung ... Even illiterate villagers sing his songs". A. H. Fox Strangways of The Observer introduced non-Bengalis to rabindrasangit in The Music of Hindostan, calling it a "vehicle of a personality ... [that] go behind this or that system of music to that beauty of sound which all systems put out their hands to seize."

In 1971, Amar Shonar Bangla became the national anthem of Bangladesh. It was written—ironically—to protest the 1905 Partition of Bengal along communal lines: lopping Muslim-majority East Bengal from Hindu-dominated West Bengal was to avert a regional bloodbath. Tagore saw the partition as a ploy to upend the independence movement, and he aimed to rekindle Bengali unity and tar communalism. Jana Gana Manawas written in shadhu-bhasha, a Sanskritised register of Bengali, and is the first of five stanzas of a Brahmo hymn that Tagore composed. It was first sung in 1911 at a Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress and was adopted in 1950 by the Constituent Assembly of the Republic of India as its national anthem.

★Paintings

At sixty, Tagore took up drawing and painting; successful exhibitions of his many works—which made a debut appearance in Paris upon encouragement by artists he met in the south of France—were held throughout Europe. He was likely red-green colour blind, resulting in works that exhibited strange colour schemes and off-beat aesthetics. Tagore was influenced by scrimshaw from northern New Ireland, Haida carvings from British Columbia, and woodcuts by Max Pechstein. His artist's eye for his handwriting were revealed in the simple artistic and rhythmic leitmotifs embellishing the scribbles, cross-outs, and word layouts of his manuscripts. Some of Tagore's lyrics corresponded in a synesthetic sense with particular paintings.

Surrounded by several painters Rabindranath had always wanted to paint. Writing and music, playwriting and acting came to him naturally and almost without training, as it did to several others in his family, and in even greater measure. But painting eluded him. Yet he tried repeatedly to master the art and there are several references to this in his early letters and reminiscence. In 1900 for instance, when he was nearing forty and already a celebrated writer, he wrote to Jagadishchandra Bose, "You will be surprised to hear that I am sitting with a sketchbook drawing. Needless to say, the pictures are not intended for any salon in Paris, they cause me not the least suspicion that the national gallery of any country will suddenly decide to raise taxes to acquire them. But, just as a mother lavishes most affection on her ugliest son, so I feel secretly drawn to the very skill that comes to me least easily." He also realized that he was using the eraser more than the pencil, and dissatisfied with the results he finally withdrew, deciding it was not for him to become a painter.

Rabindra Chitravali, edited by noted art historian R. Siva Kumar, for the first time makes the paintings of Tagore accessible to art historians and scholars of Rabindranth with critical annotations and comments It also brings together a selection of Rabindranath's own statements and documents relating to the presentation and reception of his paintings during his lifetime.

The Last Harvest: Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore was an exhibition of Rabindranath Tagore's paintings to mark the 150th birth anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore. It was commissioned by the Ministry of Culture, India and organised with NGMA Delhi as the nodal agency. It consisted of 208 paintings drawn from the collections of Visva Bharati and the NGMA and presented Tagore's art in a very comprehensive way. The exhibition was curated by Art Historian R. Siva Kumar. Within the 150th birth anniversary year it was conceived as three separate but similar exhibitions,and travelled simultaneously in three circuits. The first selection was shown at Museum of Asian Art, Berlin, Asia Society, New York, National Museum of Korea, Seoul, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, The Art Institute of Chicago,Chicago, Petit Palais, Paris, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome, National Visual Arts Gallery, Kuala Lumpur,McMichael Canadian Art Collection,Ontario, National Gallery of Modern Art,New Delhi

★Theatre

Tagore performing the title role inValmiki Pratibha (1881) with his niece Indira Devi as the goddess Lakshmi.

At sixteen, Tagore led his brother Jyotirindranath's adaptation of Molière's Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. At twenty he wrote his first drama-opera: Valmiki Pratibha(The Genius of Valmiki). In it the panditValmiki overcomes his sins, is blessed bySaraswati, and compiles the Rāmāyana.Through it Tagore explores a wide range of dramatic styles and emotions, including usage of revamped kirtans and adaptation of traditional English and Irish folk melodies as drinking songs. Another play, Dak Ghar(The Post Office), describes the child Amal defying his stuffy and puerile confines by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting his physical death. A story with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—Dak Ghardealt with death as, in Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" from "the world of hoarded wealth and certified creeds". In the Nazi-besieged Warsaw Ghetto, Polish doctor-educator Janusz Korczak had orphans in his care stage The Post Office in July 1942. InThe King of Children, biographer Betty Jean Lifton suspected that Korczak, agonising over whether one should determine when and how to die, was easing the children into accepting death. In mid-October, the Nazis sent them to Treblinka.

[I]n days long gone by [...] I can see [...] the King's postman coming down the hillside alone, a lantern in his left hand and on his back a bag of letters climbing down for ever so long, for days and nights, and where at the foot of the mountain the waterfall becomes a stream he takes to the footpath on the bank and walks on through the rye; then comes the sugarcane field and he disappears into the narrow lane cutting through the tall stems of sugarcanes; then he reaches the open meadow where the cricket chirps and where there is not a single man to be seen, only the snipe wagging their tails and poking at the mud with their bills. I can feel him coming nearer and nearer and my heart becomes glad.

“

”

— Amal in The Post Office, 1914.

but the meaning is less intellectual, more emotional and simple. The deliverance sought and won by the dying child is the same deliverance which rose before his imagination, [...] when once in the early dawn he heard, amid the noise of a crowd returning from some festival, this line out of an old village song, "Ferryman, take me to the other shore of the river." It may come at any moment of life, though the child discovers it in death, for it always comes at the moment when the "I", seeking no longer for gains that cannot be "assimilated with its spirit", is able to say, "All my work is thine".

— W. B. Yeats, Preface, The Post Office, 1914.

His other works fuse lyrical flow and emotional rhythm into a tight focus on a core idea, a break from prior Bengali drama. Tagore sought "the play of feeling and not of action". In 1890 he released what is regarded as his finest drama: Visarjan (Sacrifice). It is an adaptation of Rajarshi, an earlier novella of his. "A forthright denunciation of a meaningless [and] cruel superstitious rite[s]", the Bengali originals feature intricate subplots and prolonged monologues that give play to historical events in seventeenth-century Udaipur. The devout Maharaja of Tripura is pitted against the wicked head priest Raghupati. His latter dramas were more philosophical and allegorical in nature; these included Dak Ghar. Another is Tagore'sChandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an ancient Buddhist legend describing how Ananda, the Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks a tribal girl for water.

In Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders"), a kleptocrat rules over the residents of Yakshapuri. He and his retainers exploit his subjects—who are benumbed by alcohol and numbered like inventory—by forcing them to mine gold for him. The naive maiden-heroine Nandini rallies her subject-compatriots to defeat the greed of the realm's sardar class—with the morally roused king's belated help. Skirting the "good-vs-evil" trope, the work pits a vital and joyous lèse majesté against the monotonous fealty of the king's varletry, giving rise to an allegorical struggle akin to that found in Animal Farm or Gulliver's Travels. The original, though prized in Bengal, long failed to spawn a "free and comprehensible" translation, and its archaic and sonorous didacticism failed to attract interest from abroad. Chitrangada,Chandalika, and Shyama are other key plays that have dance-drama adaptations, which together are known as Rabindra Nritya Natya.

Novels

Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, among them Chaturanga, Shesher Kobita, Char Odhay, and Noukadubi. Ghare Baire (The Home and the World)—through the lens of the idealistic zamindar protagonist Nikhil—excoriates rising Indian nationalism, terrorism, and religious zeal in the Swadeshi movement; a frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from a 1914 bout of depression. The novel ends in Hindu-Muslim violence and Nikhil's—likely mortal—wounding.

Gora raises controversial questions regarding the Indian identity. As with Ghare Baire, matters of self-identity (jāti), personal freedom, and religion are developed in the context of a family story and love triangle.In it an Irish boy orphaned in the Sepoy Mutinyis raised by Hindus as the titular gora—"whitey". Ignorant of his foreign origins, he chastises Hindu religious backsliders out of love for the indigenous Indians and solidarity with them against his hegemon-compatriots. He falls for a Brahmo girl, compelling his worried foster father to reveal his lost past and cease his nativist zeal. As a "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for and against strict traditionalism", it tackles the colonial conundrum by "portray[ing] the value of all positions within a particular frame [...] not only syncretism, not only liberal orthodoxy, but the extremest reactionary traditionalism he defends by an appeal to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of asdharma."

In Jogajog (Relationships), the heroine Kumudini—bound by the ideals of Śiva-Sati, exemplified by Dākshāyani—is torn between her pity for the sinking fortunes of her progressive and compassionate elder brother and his foil: her roue of a husband. Tagore flaunts his feminist leanings; pathos depicts the plight and ultimate demise of women trapped by pregnancy, duty, and family honour; he simultaneously trucks with Bengal's putrescent landed gentry. The story revolves around the underlying rivalry between two families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the decline (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), representing new money and new arrogance. Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between the two as she is married off to Madhusudan. She had risen in an observant and sheltered traditional home, as had all her female relations.

Others were uplifting: Shesher Kobita—translated twice as Last Poem and Farewell Song—is his most lyrical novel, with poems and rhythmic passages written by a poet protagonist. It contains elements of satire and postmodernism and has stock characters who gleefully attack the reputation of an old, outmoded, oppressively renowned poet who, incidentally, goes by a familiar name: "Rabindranath Tagore". Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated of his works, they have been given renewed attention via film adaptations by Ray and others: Chokher Bali and Ghare Baire are exemplary. In the first, Tagore inscribes Bengali society via its heroine: a rebellious widow who would live for herself alone. He pillories the custom of perpetual mourning on the part of widows, who were not allowed to remarry, who were consigned to seclusion and loneliness. Tagore wrote of it: "I have always regretted the ending".

Stories

Tagore's three-volume Galpaguchchhacomprises eighty-four stories that reflect upon the author's surroundings, on modern and fashionable ideas, and on mind puzzles. Tagore associated his earliest stories, such as those of the "Sadhana" period, with an exuberance of vitality and spontaneity; these traits were cultivated by zamindar Tagore's life in Patisar, Shajadpur, Shelaidaha, and other villages. Seeing the common and the poor, he examined their lives with a depth and feeling singular in Indian literature up to that point. In "The Fruitseller from Kabul", Tagore speaks in first person as a town dweller and novelist imputing exotic perquisites to an Afghan seller. He channels the lucubrative lust of those mired in the blasé, nidorous, and sudorific morass of subcontinental city life: for distant vistas. "There were autumn mornings, the time of year when kings of old went forth to conquest; and I, never stirring from my little corner in Calcutta, would let my mind wander over the whole world. At the very name of another country, my heart would go out to it [...] I would fall to weaving a network of dreams: the mountains, the glens, the forest."

The Golpoguchchho (Bunch of Stories) was written in Tagore's Sabuj Patra period, which lasted from 1914 to 1917 and was named for another of his magazines. These yarns are celebrated fare in Bengali fiction and are commonly used as plot fodder by Bengali film and theatre. The Ray film Charulata echoed the controversial Tagore novella Nastanirh(The Broken Nest). In Atithi, which was made into another film, the little Brahmin boy Tarapada shares a boat ride with a villagezamindar. The boy relates his flight from home and his subsequent wanderings. Taking pity, the elder adopts him; he fixes the boy to marry his own daughter. The night before his wedding, Tarapada runs off—again. Strir Patra(The Wife's Letter) is an early treatise in female emancipation. Mrinal is wife to a Bengali middle class man: prissy, preening, and patriarchal. Travelling alone she writes a letter, which comprehends the story. She details the pettiness of a life spent entreating his viraginous virility; she ultimately gives up married life, proclaiming, Amio bachbo. Ei bachlum: "And I shall live. Here, I live."

Haimanti assails Hindu arranged marriage and spotlights their often dismal domesticity, the hypocrisies plaguing the Indian middle classes, and how Haimanti, a young woman, because of her insufferable sensitivity and free spirit, foredid herself. In the last passage Tagore blasts the reification of Sita's self-immolation attempt; she had meant to appease her consort Rama's doubts of her chastity. Musalmani Didi eyes recrudescent Hindu-Muslim tensions and, in many ways, embodies the essence of Tagore's humanism. The somewhat auto-referential Darpaharandescribes a fey young man who harbours literary ambitions. Though he loves his wife, he wishes to stifle her literary career, deeming it unfeminine. In youth Tagore likely agreed with him. Darpaharan depicts the final humbling of the man as he ultimately acknowledges his wife's talents. As do many other Tagore stories, Jibito o Mrito equips Bengalis with a ubiquitous epigram:Kadombini moriya proman korilo she more nai—"Kadombini died, thereby proving that she hadn't."

★Poetry

Tagore's poetic style, which proceeds from a lineage established by 15th- and 16th-century Vaishnava poets, ranges from classical formalism to the comic, visionary, and ecstatic. He was influenced by the atavistic mysticism of Vyasa and other rishi-authors of the Upanishads, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, and Ramprasad Sen. Tagore's most innovative and mature poetry embodies his exposure to Bengali rural folk music, which included mystic Baul ballads such as those of the bard Lalon. These, rediscovered and repopularised by Tagore, resemble 19th-century Kartābhajā hymns that emphasise inward divinity and rebellion against bourgeois bhadralok religious and social orthodoxy. During his Shelaidaha years, his poems took on a lyrical voice of themoner manush, the Bāuls' "man within the heart" and Tagore's "life force of his deep recesses", or meditating upon the jeevan devata—the demiurge or the "living God within". This figure connected with divinity through appeal to nature and the emotional interplay of human drama. Such tools saw use in his Bhānusiṃha poems chronicling theRadha-Krishna romance, which were repeatedly revised over the course of seventy years.

The time that my journey takes is long and the way of it long.

I came out on the chariot of the first gleam of light, and pursued my voyage through the wildernesses of worlds leaving my track on many a star and planet.

It is the most distant course that comes nearest to thyself, and that training is the most intricate which leads to the utter simplicity of a tune.

The traveller has to knock at every alien door to come to his own, and one has to wander through all the outer worlds to reach the innermost shrine at the end.

My eyes strayed far and wide before I shut them and said 'Here art thou!'

The question and the cry 'Oh, where?' melt into tears of a thousand streams and deluge the world with the flood of the assurance 'I am!'

“

”

— Song XII, Gitanjali, 1913.

Tagore reacted to the halfhearted uptake of modernist and realist techniques in Bengali literature by writing matching experimental works in the 1930s. These include Africaand Camalia, among the better known of his latter poems. He occasionally wrote poems using Shadhu Bhasha, a Sanskritised dialect of Bengali; he later adopted a more popular dialect known as Cholti Bhasha. Other works include Manasi, Sonar Tori (Golden Boat),Balaka (Wild Geese, a name redolent of migrating souls), and Purobi. Sonar Tori's most famous poem, dealing with the fleeting endurance of life and achievement, goes by the same name; hauntingly it ends: Shunno nodir tire rohinu poŗi / Jaha chhilo loe gêlo shonar tori—"all I had achieved was carried off on the golden boat—only I was left behind."Gitanjali (গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection internationally, earning him his Nobel.

★Politics

Tagore opposed imperialism and supported Indian nationalists, and these views were first revealed in Manast, which was mostly composed in his twenties.Evidence produced during the Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial and latter accounts affirm his awareness of the Ghadarites, and stated that he sought the support of Japanese Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake and former Premier Ōkuma Shigenobu. Yet he lampooned the Swadeshi movement; he rebuked it in "The Cult of the Charka", an acrid 1925 essay. He urged the masses to avoid victimology and instead seek self-help and education, and he saw the presence of British administration as a "political symptom of our social disease". He maintained that, even for those at the extremes of poverty, "there can be no question of blind revolution"; preferable to it was a "steady and purposeful education".

So I repeat we never can have a true view of man unless we have a love for him. Civilisation must be judged and prized, not by the amount of power it has developed, but by how much it has evolved and given expression to, by its laws and institutions, the love of humanity.

“

”

— Sādhanā: The Realisation of Life, 1916.

Such views enraged many. He escaped assassination—and only narrowly—by Indian expatriates during his stay in a San Francisco hotel in late 1916; the plot failed when his would-be assassins fell into argument.Tagore wrote songs lionising the Indian independence movement. Two of Tagore's more politically charged compositions, "Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo" ("Where the Mind is Without Fear") and "Ekla Chalo Re" ("If They Answer Not to Thy Call, Walk Alone"), gained mass appeal, with the latter favoured by Gandhi. Though somewhat critical of Gandhian activism,Tagore was key in resolving a Gandhi–Ambedkar dispute involving separate electorates for untouchables, thereby mooting at least one of Gandhi's fasts "unto death".

★Repudiation of knighthood

See also: List of people who have declined a British honour § Knighthood (Knight Bachelor)

Tagore renounced his knighthood in response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919. In the repudiation letter to the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, he wrote

The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in the incongruous context of humiliation, and I for my part, wish to stand, shorn, of all special distinctions, by the side of those of my countrymen who, for their so called insignificance, are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings.

★Santiniketan and Visva-Bharati

Tagore despised rote classroom schooling: in "The Parrot's Training", a bird is caged and force-fed textbook pages—to death.Tagore, visiting Santa Barbara in 1917, conceived a new type of university: he sought to "make Santiniketan the connecting thread between India and the world [and] a world center for the study of humanity somewhere beyond the limits of nation and geography." The school, which he named Visva-Bharati, had its foundation stone laid on 24 December 1918 and was inaugurated precisely three years later. Tagore employed a brahmacharya system: gurus gave pupils personal guidance—emotional, intellectual, and spiritual. Teaching was often done under trees. He staffed the school, he contributed his Nobel Prize monies, and his duties as steward-mentor at Santiniketan kept him busy: mornings he taught classes; afternoons and evenings he wrote the students' textbooks. He fundraised widely for the school in Europe and the United States between 1919 and 1921.

★Theft of Nobel Prize

On 25 March 2004, Tagore's Nobel Prize was stolen from the safety vault of the Visva-Bharati University, along with several other of his belongings. On 7 December 2004, the Swedish Academy decided to present two replicas of Tagore's Nobel Prize, one made of gold and the other made of bronze, to the Visva-Bharati University. It inspired the fictional film Nobel Chor.

★Impact

Every year, many events pay tribute to Tagore:Kabipranam, his birth anniversary, is celebrated by groups scattered across the globe; the annual Tagore Festival held in Urbana, Illinois (USA); Rabindra Path Parikrama walking pilgrimages from Kolkata to Santiniketan; and recitals of his poetry, which are held on important anniversaries. Bengali culture is fraught with this legacy: from language and arts to history and politics. Amartya Sen deemed Tagore a "towering figure", a "deeply relevant and many-sided contemporary thinker". Tagore's Bengali originals—the 1939 Rabīndra Rachanāvalī—is canonised as one of his nation's greatest cultural treasures, and he was roped into a reasonably humble role: "the greatest poet India has produced".

Who are you, reader, reading my poems a hundred years hence?

I cannot send you one single flower from this wealth of the spring, one single streak of gold from yonder clouds.

Open your doors and look abroad.

From your blossoming garden gather fragrant memories of the vanished flowers of an hundred years before.

In the joy of your heart may you feel the living joy that sang one spring morning, sending its glad voice across an hundred years.

“

”

— The Gardener, 1915.

Tagore was renowned throughout much ofEurope, North America, and East Asia. He co-founded Dartington Hall School, a progressive coeducational institution; in Japan, he influenced such figures as Nobel laureateYasunari Kawabata. Tagore's works were widely translated into English, Dutch, German, Spanish, and other European languages by Czech indologist Vincenc Lesný, French Nobel laureate André Gide, Russian poet Anna Akhmatova, former Turkish Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit, and others. In the United States, Tagore's lecturing circuits, particularly those of 1916–1917, were widely attended and wildly acclaimed. Some controversies involving Tagore, possibly fictive, trashed his popularity and sales in Japan and North America after the late 1920s, concluding with his "near total eclipse" outside Bengal. Yet a latent reverence of Tagore was discovered by an astonishedSalman Rushdie during a trip to Nicaragua.

By way of translations, Tagore influenced Chileans Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral; Mexican writer Octavio Paz; and SpaniardsJosé Ortega y Gasset, Zenobia Camprubí, andJuan Ramón Jiménez. In the period 1914–1922, the Jiménez-Camprubí pair produced twenty-two Spanish translations of Tagore's English corpus; they heavily revised The Crescent Moon and other key titles. In these years, Jiménez developed "naked poetry".Ortega y Gasset wrote that "Tagore's wide appeal [owes to how] he speaks of longings for perfection that we all have [...] Tagore awakens a dormant sense of childish wonder, and he saturates the air with all kinds of enchanting promises for the reader, who [...] pays little attention to the deeper import of Oriental mysticism". Tagore's works circulated in free editions around 1920—alongside those of Plato, Dante, Cervantes,Goethe, and Tolstoy....................